نشریه آموزش پزشکی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Considering the importance of learning how to write a proposal for students, this study was performed to develop an online tutorial for “How to write a Proposal” for students and to evaluate its usability.

This study is a developmental research and tool design. “Gamified Online Tutorial based on Self-Determination Theory (GOT-STD) Framework" became the basis for designing the online tutorial "How to Write a Proposal". After compiling and evaluating the content and questions, the online tutorial was designed by observing the structural, educational, and game elements introduced in the GOT-STD framework. In the last step, the usability of the tutorial was evaluated from the perspective of 10 master's students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences.

The usability evaluation results and the students' feedback indicate that the tutorial structure and content are suitable for the students. Some of the structural and content problems of the tutorial were also corrected. Among the positive points of tutorial from the perspective of students are the presentation of content in the form of short films, the possibility of re-reading, the possibility of using without time and place restrictions, the use of examples, practical assignments, step-by-step, good navigation system, communication With the tutorial manager, the appropriate scoring system, and finally, he pointed out that tutorial is fun, competitive and motivating.  

The usability evaluation results and the students' feedback indicate that the designed tutorial can be used as a suitable educational aid tool for medical students.

Any test as a measurement tool must have sufficient validity and reliability to measure the desired attribute. Multiple-choice tests are the most common types of tests in medical education, which have a high degree of reliability, and this study was conducted with the aim of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of four-choice questions in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2021-2022.

This descriptive study was conducted on all General and specialized courses in the two academic years of 2021-2022 at the Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. For the quantitative evaluation of the questions (difficulty index and discrimination index), the Hamava system was used and for the qualitative evaluation, the 14-item checklist of Millman was used.

This study showed that out of 5000 examined questions, 2569 questions (51.4%) had a simple difficulty coefficient and 2500 (50%) had a suitable clean coefficient. And the average standard deviation of the degree of difficulty was 0.700±0.314 and the degree of cleanliness was 0.625±0.247, also 330 questions (48.5%) of taxonomy two and 190 questions (27.9%) were without defects. The most types of defects were the absence of most of the information in the question stems of 196 questions, the presence of negative words in the question stems of 136 questions, and the presence of options for all items in 121 questions, none in 45 questions, and combined options in 34 questions. And in the structure of question 398 (58/1%) was the most type of defect.

To improve the quality of tests and use the results of quantitative and qualitative analysis of questions, practical solutions should be thought of, and professors should be trained in designing and using appropriate questions and preparing for-choice question banks.

The use of the flipped classroom method as an interactive method in the blended learning process is expanding in medical sciences universities. The present study aimed to assess the effect of education using the flipped classroom on students' perception, learning, and satisfaction in interpreting the report of measuring physical harmful factors in the workplace.

The present study is a quasi-experimental design (pre-test-post-test). The research population consisted of 25 professional health students of Shahid Sadougi University of Medical Sciences, who studied in this school during 2021-2022. All the students were included in the study by the census. The educational intervention was conducted using the flipped classroom method in order to develop student's skills in interpreting the report of measuring physical harmful factors in the workplace. Measuring students' views, learning, and satisfaction was conducted by the survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive tests and analysis.

The results showed that the average (standard deviation) of students' learning knowledge scores before the intervention was 51.66(9.06)  (average level). After the intervention 73.54(12.53)  (good level), which was reported significantly has improved (P=0.0001). Students' satisfaction was reported with an average of 4.00 (0.73), which is at a favorable level. Their preparation has a positive and significant relationship with practicality and importance. Also, practicality has a positive and significant relationship with importance, perspective, and satisfaction, and students' understanding has a positive and significant relationship with satisfaction.

Using the flipped classroom method for interpreting and analyzing the results of tests and measurements had a positive effect on students' learning and satisfaction. Also, students' understanding scores regarding the preparation and applicability of education were evaluated at the desired level. It is recommended to use active and cooperative methods such as the flipped classroom method, which emphasizes the application of students' learning.

Considering the importance and necessity of virtual education, this study aims to outline the current status of virtual education studies in Iran's universities of medical sciences from the frame of approved scientific research journals.

The present study is based on the scoping method and by searching the keywords "virtual education", "electronic education", "electronic learning", "web education", "online education", and "distance education". It was done in the information bank of the country's publications (Mag Iran). All the articles available until September 2019 resulting from the research in the medical sciences universities of the country were selected and analyzed based on the studied variables (university of research location, journal, year of publication, statistical population, type of study, instrument, topic, and sampling). 

After removing duplicate and unrelated articles, 115 articles were included in the study. In terms of location, Tehran University (19.1 percent); In terms of the statistical population, nursing students (24.3%); In terms of subject, comparison of traditional and virtual education (27%); and theory courses (77.8%) were studied the most. Most of the research conducted between 2015 to 2018 (51.3%) was conducted, descriptive method (34.8%) was the most used type of study, questionnaire was the most used tool (49.6%) and randomness (39.1%) was the most used sampling method.

Dealing with virtual education has found a special place in universities and it intensified during the corona pandemic. Determining the distribution of research subjects and identifying shortcomings to achieve the effectiveness and adequacy of studies is one of the results of this study. It is recommended to evaluate the student; the type of tools needed and available to the student; Family, cultural, social, and economic dimensions effective in virtual education, especially in second and third-type universities of medical sciences, should be paid more attention in future studies.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the flipped class and the traditional method on the satisfaction, motivation, and learning rate of the diagnostic pathology course. And 4 reviews of dental students in Ardabil were carried out in 1401.

In this study, which was carried out as a time series experimental design (semi-experimental time series), all of 45 dental students of Ardabil, who in the academic semester of 1400-1401 took diagnostic pathology courses 3 and 4 opinions were selected, and entered into the study. After dividing and presenting the content according to the studied variables, two groups receiving traditional education and flipped classroom education were compared. To analyze the data, an independent t-test, Mann–Whitney U, and analysis of variance were used using SPSS version 26 software. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered.

The results showed that with the increase in the number of quiz, the average learning score of the students in the theoretical diagnostic pathology course 3 and 4 in the flipped classroom method was higher than the traditional teaching method The average total learning by lecture method was 6.12 and by the flipped class method was 8.43 and the standard deviation was 2.59 and 3.40, respectively.
(P < 0.05); However, there was no significant difference in the level of motivation and level of satisfaction in diagnostic pathology courses 3 and 4 in the flipped class and the traditional method (P<0.05).

The results of statistical analysis indicated that flipped class improves the level of learning compared to traditional teaching and thus causes academic progress in students. It is suggested that teachers use active teaching methods to increase productivity.

Job burnout is one of the challenges of the health system and medical residents are among the most important pillars of service delivery, especially in epidemic conditions, and spiritual intelligence can be proposed as a way to relieve job burnout. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between spiritual intelligence and job burnout in clinical teaching residents of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study is a questionnaire-based survey (cross-sectional study) that was conducted in 1400 with the participation of 36 residents from 3 educational groups of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Maslach job burnout and King spiritual intelligence questionnaires were used for primary data collection and correlation analysis was done by calculating Pearson's coefficient (r) and statistical description and analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 25 software.

The average burden of job burnout was 84.44 and the average burden of spiritual intelligence was 47.69. The production of personal meaning had a direct and significant correlation with job burnout, which was also observed in infectious residents. In emergency medicine residents; Job burnout has had a direct and significant correlation with spiritual intelligence and the subscales of critical existential thinking and the production of personal meaning and transcendental consciousness.

According to the findings of the research, there is a need for more studies to examine the correlation between spiritual intelligence and burnout.

Empathy between dentists and patients increases patient satisfaction and the effectiveness of dental treatments. With more empathy, dentists find more competence in taking history, performing clinical examinations and need assessment and treatment plans and giving instructions after treatment, and getting the cooperation of their patients. Research has shown that students' empathy decreases during their studies.

60 students completed the Jefferson Clinical Empathy Questionnaire. Students were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups of 30 people. The workshop was held for the group. After one month, the clinical empathy questionnaire was completed again by both groups. The questionnaire information of both groups before and after the workshop was entered into SPSS version 21 software and analyzed.

There was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding demographic and educational variables. Also, the average score of Jefferson's empathy in the two groups before the intervention was not statistically significant (P=0.76). However, after holding the training program for the case group, a statistically significant difference was found in the clinical empathy score of the case group and the control group (P=0.03). Also, the difference in the mean empathy score of the case group before and after the intervention was significant (P=0.05). Except for the ethnicity variable (P=0.03), none of the demographic variables had a significant relationship with the empathy score after the intervention.

By teaching communication skills, the level of clinical empathy of dental students can be improved.

The COVID-19 epidemic led to the country's education system being affected due to absenteeism in schools, universities, and colleges. Considering the various dimensions of virtual education such as educational content, teaching-learning activities, feedback, flexibility, and support, it seems that evaluating this educational system requires the knowledge and active participation of teachers and learners and the support of educational centers.

This descriptive-analytical study included 32 faculty members and 212 students from various educational groups of the Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences in 2021. Participants were selected by stratified random sampling. A questionnaire was completed by all participants. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. The Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between qualitative variables, and an independent t-test was used to compare the means. p<0.05 was considered significant.

According to the results, the average age for faculty members and students was 37.15 ± 5.56 and 23.75 ± 6.42, respectively. The study showed that the virtual education system of the Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences is at an average or above-average level from the point of view of students and faculty members. However, the teaching and learning component, from the perspective of students (2.80 ± 1.15) and faculty members (2.95 ± 0.07), was evaluated below the average level (unfavorable level).

To improve the quality of the virtual education system, attention should be paid to removing obstacles and improving virtual education in terms of teaching and learning activities, interaction, and feedback.

Infective endocarditis is a rare condition that occurs in susceptible patients following invasive dental treatments. In order to prevent this complication, it is recommended to prescribe antibiotics for susceptible patients before performing some dental procedures. Therefore, the present study aims to survey the level of knowledge of students of the last three years of Zahedan Faculty of Dentistry about modern antibiotic prophylaxis regimens in various dental treatments was carried out in 2022.

The current study is a cross-sectional observation (descriptive-analytical) and included 96 dental students of the last three years of Zahedan Medical Sciences in 2022. The data were collected using a questionnaire and entered into 24spss software for analysis. The chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used to compare the frequency between groups (checking the assumption of independence).
 

According to the findings of the present study, 74% of the 96 people participating in the study had good knowledge about the new prophylactic antibiotic regimens in various dental treatments. In the final year of Zahedan dentistry, there was no statistically significant difference between women and men regarding modern antibiotic prophylaxis regimens (p=0.55). Also, there was a significant difference in the frequency of knowledge of Zahedan dentistry students in the last three years (p˂0.001).

The results of the present study showed that the students had good knowledge about the new prophylactic antibiotic regimens in various dental treatments.

Children's blood and cancer is one of the sciences that undergoes changes and evolutionary growth in a short period of time with extensive  research in various fields. In this study, a new curriculum was compiled based on the new chapters of hematology and oncology of children in the world and the opinions of the board members and members of the association. 

The research is descriptive survey type. The statistical population includes members of the Children's Blood and Cancer Society faculty. They cooperated with the forum in designing the questions. Based on the Morgan table, the participants were selected by random method. The study had 2 phases, quantitative and qualitative, which was conducted in 1400. Information was collected from a researcher-made questionnaire. The examined items were: learning the principles of modern medicine such as evidence-based medicine and clinical reasoning, learning the principles of medical ethics, skills in studying courses, understanding legal procedures, the ability to research and electronic search, the adequacy of educational topics, satisfaction with the teaching of professors, the degree of scientific dependence on professors after graduation, the need for supplementary courses, the current method of evaluating the flu - the ability to report bad news, the scientific ability of professors to teach current topics, participation in the training of assistants). The evaluation questionnaire was scored based on the Kirkpatrick evaluation model and based on the Likert scale (very much, very little). The Cronbach's obtained was 0.92. The second phase was the collection of the strategic committee of the Children's Blood and Cancer Society by brainstorming.

Findings were obtained in relation to the degree of desirability of the evaluated factors.

It is necessary and inevitable to revise the current educational curriculum of the superspecialized blood and cancer children's education according to the country's current needs.

The learning environment is a behavioral determinant and the student's understanding of the environment is very important in learning and clinical education. The DREEM model is used as a diagnostic tool to identify the difference between the real environment and the desired environment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the opinions of medical students and their professors about the quality of the clinical learning environment.

This cross-sectional study was done between 2021 and 2022 and the views of 233 medical students (assistants, interns and externs) and faculty members was gathered using the DREEM questionnaire in five areas of student perception of learning, professors, educational atmosphere, scientific ability, and social conditions. SPSS 27 was used to analyze the data.  
 

Mean score of the clinical education status in the main wards of the educational center was 120.00±23.07 of 200 Mean score of students’ perceptions of learning was 26.85±7.22, perceptions of teachers (28.49±4.53), academic self-perception (19.06±4.70), perception of the academic atmosphere (29.54±6.37), and social self-perception (16.06±4.29).Assistant professors and associate professors considered the condition of the clinical learning environment of the hospital more favorable than interns (0.006 and 0.002, respectively) and externs (0.019 and 0.006, respectively).

Educational environment of Akbar hospital was evaluated as favorable in all areas. This shows the high attention of professors to the principles of educational design and the creation of appropriate educational space. However, to further improve quality, the DREEM model can be used to monitor and measure modification and change in clinical education program.

Universities of medical sciences play an essential role by training healthcare forces, including prehospital staffs, have significant role in delivery healthcare services. In this regard, the educational system and curriculum should be designed based on the needs of clients and in accordance with scientific criteria. Comparison of curricula can help to improve the quality of the educational program. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of comparing the BSc emergency medicine degree program in Iran and the University of Greenwich, England.

The present research was carried out in a descriptive-comparative way. The required information through internet search and with a review of the BSc emergency medicine in Iran and the university Greenwich England was obtained and then Based on the Brady model, two educational programs were compared in four stages: description, interpretation, juxtaposition and comparison.

In Iran, the criteria for entering the field is to have a basic degree and to participate in the exam and face-to-face interview. At the University of Greenwich, face-to-face interview and presentation of documents are considered criteria for entering the field. The program of both universities has a clear mission, vision and goals. The study period in Iran is 4 years and there are a total of 130 units and each unit is considered equal to 17 hours. At the University of Greenwich, the 3-year course has a total of 360 units and each unit is equal to 10 hours. In addition to basic, specialized topics, practical and clinical skills, the University of Greenwich educational program pays more attention to personal communication, management skills and professional regulations.

The general aspects of recruiting and training volunteers are too similar in the two compared areas . Using the experiences of the University of Greenwich educational program, including a holistic approach, strengthening individual and organizational communication, becoming more familiar with professional roles and regulations, strengthening online education, emphasizing car driving skills and self-empowerment can help to develop professional competency and at last lead to high Quality of care.

At the beginning of the corona pandemic, the lack of sufficient knowledge about the nature of the disease, the ways of transmission and the factors affecting the severity of the disease, had caused great concern and anxiety. Considering that medical students are in close contact with people, it is necessary to measure their level of knowledge, attitude and behavior in the face of covid-19 so that, if necessary, appropriate measures can be taken in order to improve their awareness and attitude. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the knowledge, attitude and performance of clinical and basic science students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences regarding Covid-19.

This cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 310 clinical and basic science students at Shahid Beheshti University during the academic year 2021-2022. The sampling was categorized, and data were collected using the Baniyas study questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS-26 statistical software through descriptive tests and Chi-Square analysis.

Among the study participants, 231(74.8%) were female and the rest were male. The clinical and basic science students had good knowledge about the disease factor, animal-to-human transmission, human-to-human transmission routes, COVID-19 symptoms, the best diagnostic test, treatment, disease prevalence reduction methods, asymptomatic positive individual care, disease transmission in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, and disease transmission in children and young adults. The students expressed concerns about their own and their family members' susceptibility to the disease.

 The students showed a high level of knowledge, positive attitude, and good actions towards COVID-19 prevention. However, they were concerned about their own and their family members' susceptibility to the disease.

Adolescent Anxiety disorder, as a form of mental disorder, results in the phenomenon of individuals developing a profound sense of fear towards illness. The development of research in the mental health of students and the impact of mental health on the performance and activities of students during and after their studies necessitate greater attention to this area. This study was conducted to review the studies conducted and identify research gaps.

This scoping review was designed and implemented with the 5-step approach of Arksey & O'Malley. databases (Google Scholar ، SID، Magiran, PubMed, Web of Science) were searched to review articles in English and Persian according to the study inclusion criteria until October 2023.

This study includes 28 related studies from 1384 to 1402. The largest number of studies are related to the years 1401 and 1400. The evaluated articles in the field of health anxiety were mainly descriptive and five different tools were used to evaluate health anxiety. This study shows that most of the studies were conducted in Tehran and most of the articles (57%) were published in domestic magazines in Persian.

According to the results of the descriptive studies and the creation of a scientific foundation, it is recommended that standard and similar tools be used in future experimental studies to treat this attention-oriented disorder so that the results can be compared.

Medical education usually begins with teaching basic biomedical sciences and ends with learning in clinical courses. A significant contribution of clinical education programs is essential in shaping the professional abilities of students. The insufficiency of clinical experience during the study period leads to a decrease in the amount of learning, an increase in stress and the fear of being unable to perform clinical tasks. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the ability of students to perform clinical skills by self-assessment method.

The current research was cross-sectional and descriptive. After preparing the list of students, the researcher attended the clinic departments and distributed the questionnaire. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using SPSS (with descriptive indices and independent t-tests, ANOVA and Spearman's correlation coefficient) and P < 0.05 was considered significant.

71 dental students participated in this research. The number of female students (57.7%) was more than male students (42.3%). Most dental students of Babol University of Medical Sciences (59.2%) rated their ability as high. In this study, the highest level of students' ability was related to extracting milk teeth, and the lowest level of ability was reported in treating patients with systemic problems.

Deficiencies in educational experiences are problematic because the quality of children's dental educational experiences is related to the attitude and professional behavior of dentists. Therefore, dentists with more educational experiences are more likely to treat children than dentists with less educational experiences.

Examining students' opinions in order to acquire clinical skills can be considered as one of the activities that facilitate learning in the clinical environment. Therefore, the opinion of students about their professional competence is very important apart from the students. So we were able to study due to the lack of information in this area. Professional qualification and factors related to it in dental students of Babol University of Medical Sciences by self-assessment method.

A self-assessment questionnaire designed based on the chapters of dentistry courses that its reliability was determined and completed by students. After collecting data SPSS22 software was used for data analysis. Chi-square statistical tests, Fisher's exact test and one-way ANOVA test were used, and a significance level of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

This study was conducted on 50 students including 21 men (42%) and 29 women (58%). Students scored the most in the prosthetics section and the lowest in the health section. In general, students' skills were reported to be higher in the restorative department and the lowest in the oral and dental surgery department. No significant relationship was found between the professional competence of dental students and gender

In this study, the level of students' skills in most sections was good from their point of view. It is necessary for dental schools to make constructive changes in learning according to the students' point of view, so that with more encouragement and desire, it will lead to sustainable learning.

The outbreak of the Corona pandemic in the world, including in our country, led to preventive actions such as closure of Iranian universities, so changes in training and evaluating students, especially the expansion of the use of digital technologies, are inevitable. Currently, eLearning is considered one of the main elements in distance learning, and the purpose of this research is to examine the content of end-of-semester virtual exams and related factors during the Corona pandemic from the point of view of dental students of Babol University of Medical Sciences

The current research was carried out as a cross-sectional descriptive study on a number of dental students who have passed their end-of-semester exams virtually at Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2020-2021. A Questionnaire in 2 sections including; demographic questions; virtual test content questions have been designed. Data was analyzed through independent samples t-test and one-way Anova using SPSS statistical software version 26.

According to the findings of the present study, out of a total of 227 people participating in the study, 50.7% were male and 49.3% were female, GPA of the participants was between 18 and 16 (51.5%). The mean score obtained for the content of the virtual tests was 3.08±0.6 and it was moderate. In general, the male students significantly were more satisfied than female students regarding virtual exams (P = 0.017). Results indicated no statistically significant difference between the point of views of the students with the place of residence and the total grade point average (P>0.05)

The results obtained from this research showed that the content of the end-of-semester virtual exams during the corona pandemic was at an average level from the point of view of the dental students of Babol University of Medical Sciences, therefore, in order to improve the quality of the virtual exams, it is necessary to design programs to increase the information of the professors and the implementing agents of the exam.

In the medical fields, internship and field training play a very important role in the education of students. The purpose of the present study was to determine the status of education in the field for students and enhancing the level of health system accountability in Jundishapor University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz.

The current research was a descriptive-cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2019 in Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in Ahvaz. The study people includes 209 of senior students in all majors, 97 of faculty members, and 18 of non-faculty resident trainee instructors. The study tool was three researcher-made questionnaires, made available to the study subjects through the educational vice-chancellor of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Indices (CVI) as well as Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used for content validity and internal consistency, respectively. The evaluation of training in the field was done in six domains. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS24 software.

The number of participants in the study was 322 people. Examining the views of the participants showed that the state of education in the field was average for the six domains. In the comparison between different domains, 'content and compliance with the training curriculum in the field' had the highest average of the score (2.38 out of 4) and 'motivational and behavioral issues for training in the field' had the lowest average (1.98 out of 4).

The findings of the present study showed that from the point of view of the three target groups, the state of education in the field is still far from the ideal state. Therefore, it is recommended to plan in order to develop the necessary infrastructure for training in the field, provide motivational opportunities for faculty members, resident instructors and other staff involved in student training and improve the evaluation method.

Along with the improvement of technology in today's modern world, the role of virtual education in the educational and research performance of students is undeniable. So far, few studies have addressed the effectiveness of virtual education in dental students based on the Creek Patrick model. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of virtual education based on the first level of this model

This cross-sectional analytical study was done by available method and included 140 dental students of Babol Medical Sciences university during the academic year 2020-2021. participants answered the e-learning effectiveness questionnaire. (Content Validity Ratio) CVR was used to confirm the validity and quantification of experts' opinions and (Content Validity Index) CVI was used to confirm the applicability of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha was used to calculate the reliability of the questionnaire and the reproducibility of this questionnaire using the test-retest method. Data were analyzed using SPSS V.20 software.

CVR was 0.85 and CVI was 0.80. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined 0.96 and the repeatability of this questionnaire on 15 students was equal to 0.99. The average age of the students was reported to be 23/24%, with a total grade point average of 15.94. Overall, the students stated an average of 50% of the effectiveness of virtual education on learning. In the area of teaching, 52% of the effectiveness of virtual learning was reported and 57% of familiarity with the virtual learning environment and software was reported. Demographic data was not associated with the effectiveness of virtual learning (p <0.05).

From the point of view of dental students of Babol medical University, the effectiveness of virtual education was moderate.it seems that increasing the quality of teaching and upgrading online educational equipment is effective in improving the virtual education and students' attitudes toward virtual education according to prioritization.

 Nowadays, due to the expansion of the use of online technologies in the education of students, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of these educations in evaluating and ensuring the academic progress of students. Crickpatrick's model is a very efficient tool for educational evaluation. The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of virtual education in the field of learning and evaluation based on the first level of this model

 This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 dental students. Students answered a researcher-made questionnaire about the effectiveness of virtual education.
CVR (Content Validity Ratio) indices were used to confirm the validity and quantification of experts' opinions and CVI (Content Validity Index) indices were used to confirm the ability to implement the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha calculation was used to confirm the reliability of the questionnaire and the Test-Retest method was used to check the repeatability of this questionnaire. Finally, the data obtained from the questionnaire was entered into SPSS V.20 software and the data was evaluated with the help of independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance so that P < 0.05 was considered significant.

 The average age of the students was 23.45 years with a total average of 15.94. In general, students reported an average of 50% of the effectiveness of virtual education on learning. Effectiveness was declared in the field of evaluation by 51% and in the field of learning interaction by 49%. In general, demographic characteristics did not have a significant effect on the effectiveness of virtual education from their point of view (p<0.05)

 Considering that the level of effectiveness of virtual education on the learning of dental students of Babol University of Medical Sciences was reported as average, it seems that in order to improve the interaction in learning and evaluation of students, there is a need to increase the quality of presenting lessons, planning, test content and using tools and facilities. Education is suitable.

The emergency department in medical education, as one of the fundamental terms, plays a vital role. Assessing the quality of education in the emergency department in terms of clinical skills plays a key role in the improvement of educational systems in this field. The aim of this study is to determine the self-assessment of medical interns regarding the education in the emergency department.

This study was conducted as a descriptive-cross-sectional study on 100 interns of Babol University of Medical Sciences. In this study, satisfaction with emergency department education in terms of "acquiring clinical skills in managing emergency patients","acquiring clinical skills in performing primary therapeutic interventions" and "quality of emergency department education" was examined. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS26 software.

The average age of the participants was 25.54 ± 1.42 years. The results showed that in the field of emergency skills, the highest dissatisfaction of students was related to dealing with environmental emergencies, in the field of core skills, establishing airway management, and overall quality of emergency in creating motivation for study and research. Also, indices related to dealing with consciousness disorders, dealing with shortness of breath, and dealing with high blood pressure in the field of core skills were significantly correlated with age and/or gender. In the field of core skills, most of the indices were statistically correlated with age or gender.

According to the findings, the need for planning and taking specific measures in the field of some clinical skills in the emergency department to increase the satisfaction of specified interns is emphasized.

Considering the complexity and variety of histological concepts and the positive impact of virtual systems on the teaching of this course, a study was conducted to design, implement, and evaluate the Histohub software in medical students.

A semi-experimental study was conducted on Babol University of Medical Sciences students in 2021. The educational content of the Histohub software was designed based on the approved subject of the histology course in the form of electronic files using PowerPoint, Camtasia, and V-Recorder. The effect of the educational software on students' satisfaction and learning was evaluated using a valid and reliable satisfaction questionnaire and the final test scores of the histology course. The data was described by SPSS21 software.

In this study, 90 medical students with an average age of 20.04±1.59 participated. The total satisfaction questionnaire score was 25.4 ± 4.7 (out of 30 points). The item related to "learning improvement" by the Histohub had the highest score (4.42±0.73) and "learning continuity" had the lowest score (4.15±0.86) out of 5 points. The highest score in the histology course (18.54±2.31) out of 20 scores was related to medical students.

Teaching histology using the Histohub software can improve the level of satisfaction and learning of medical students, which can be included in the combined teaching of this course.

The basic science comprehensive exam is held every year at the end of the basic science course as a license to enter the next stage, and the results of each course represent the quality of education in that educational group. Considering the expansion of the use of educational virtual programs in Babol University of Medical Sciences, the aim of this research is to investigate the impact of virtual programs in preparing medical students for empowerment in comprehensive exams based on Crickpatrick's evaluation model.

This descriptive and analytical research was cross-sectional and was conducted on 317 medical students of Babol University of Medical Sciences in 1399-1400. Students answered a researcher-made questionnaire about the quality of virtual preparation programs. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was evaluated. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was evaluated. Finally, the data obtained from the questionnaire was entered into the SPSS V.20 software.

The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by evaluating the indexes CVR and CVI. In general, the students declared the effectiveness of preparation programs for comprehensive exams to a high extent and with 81.6% satisfaction.

Considering that the degree of satisfaction with the virtual programs for preparing medical students to participate in the comprehensive exam is very high, therefore, these programs can be used to improve the learning of students of other universities and also by simulating for other fields.